过去分词：被动与完成的两张面孔

In all, the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits, they do seem to be influenced by a company’s record in CSR.

主干the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case, they do seem to be influenced

总而言之，研究得出结论：尽管检察官应该只根据案件本身的是非曲直来评估案件，但他们似乎确实受到了公司CSR记录的影响。

看点based on its merits作case的后置定语，表被动“基于”；influenced则是谓语被动语态的一部分，两者身份不同。

Digital services include everything from providing a platform for selling goods and services online to targeting advertising based on user data, and the tax applies to gross revenue from such services.

主干Digital services include everything from providing a platform to targeting advertising, and the tax applies to gross revenue

数字服务包括从提供在线销售商品和服务的平台到基于用户数据定向投放广告的一切内容，且该税收适用于此类服务的总收入。

看点based on user data作advertising的后置定语，表被动“基于”，它不是targeting的宾语，更不是谓语。

A more practical goal is to try, to the best of your ability, to be as tolerant and composed as you can when faced with __19__ situations involving your children.

主干A more practical goal is to try to be as tolerant and composed as you can

一个更实际的目标是，尽你所能，在面对涉及你孩子的__19__情况时，尽可能保持宽容和镇定。

看点when faced with作时间状语，逻辑主语是you，表“你被面临”；involving是现在分词作定语，对比-ed的被动与-ing的主动。

This movement, driven by powerful and diverse motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by its nature, shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent.

主干This movement built a nation out of a wilderness and shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent

这场由各种强大动机驱动的运动，从荒野中建立了一个国家，并依其本性，塑造了一片未知大陆的性格和命运。

看点driven by...作movement的插入式后置定语，表被动“被驱动”；uncharted作前置定语，表完成状态“未知的/未在地图上标出的”。

The authors of the paper are from different universities, and their findings are based on a study involving 147 students (who completed the project) at an unnamed private university.

主干The authors are from different universities, and their findings are based on a study

该论文的作者来自不同的大学，他们的发现是基于一项涉及某未命名私立大学147名学生（他们完成了该项目）的研究。

看点are based on是谓语被动；involving现在分词作定语；completed是定语从句的谓语过去式；unnamed过去分词作前置定语，表被动“未命名的”。

Britain has relatively few butterfly species compared with mainland Europe and 80% are in decline, mostly because intensive chemical farming has reduced many species to tiny fragments of habitat and small nature reserves.

主干Britain has relatively few butterfly species and 80% are in decline, mostly because intensive chemical farming has reduced many species

与欧洲大陆相比，英国的蝴蝶种类相对较少，其中80%正在减少，主要是因为密集的化学农业已将许多物种减少到栖息地和小自然保护区的微小碎片。

看点compared with作状语，逻辑主语是Britain，表被动“被拿来比较”，修饰整个主句，不要误当成主语或谓语。