1It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual: every January the cost of travelling by train rises, imposing a significant extra burden on those who have no option but to use the rail network to get to work or otherwise.
主干主语：It（指代票价上涨这件事）；谓语：has become；表语：a grimly reliable annual ritual。冒号后是对 ritual 的具体说明：主语 the cost of travelling by train，谓语 rises
结构冒号引出同位说明，解释 ritual 的具体内容。grimly reliable 是矛盾修辞式副词+形容词组合，意为"可靠得令人沮丧"。现在分词短语 imposing... 作结果状语，其中嵌套定语从句 who have no option but to use... 修饰 those；have no option but to do 为固定搭配，but 后接带 to 不定式（因前面无 do 的任何形式）。
译文这已成了一种年年上演、可靠得令人恼火的仪式：每年一月，乘火车出行的费用都会上涨，给那些别无选择、只能靠铁路通勤上下班的人带来沉重的额外负担。
考点have no option but to do sth：but 前无 do 的形式时，其后不定式要带 to · 现在分词短语 imposing... 作结果状语，表示主句动作自然引出的结果
2Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of investing in and running the rail network should be borne by those who use it, rather than the general taxpayer.
主干主语：Successive governments；谓语：have permitted；宾语：such increases
结构on the grounds that... 为固定搭配，意为"以……为理由"，that 引导同位语从句，说明理由的具体内容。从句主干为 the cost... should be borne by those...；of investing in and running 为并列动名词作后置定语；who use it 为定语从句修饰 those；rather than 引导对比成分，连接 the general taxpayer 与 those who use it 并列。
译文历届政府之所以允许这类涨价，理由是投资和运营铁路网的成本应由铁路使用者承担，而不应由全体纳税人买单。
考点on the grounds that + 句子：表示"以……为由"，that 从句为同位语从句，不可省 that · rather than 连接并列成分，此处对比"使用者"与"普通纳税人"
3Equally, there is a sense that the travails of commuters in the South East, many of whom will face among the biggest rises, have received too much attention compared to those who must endure the relatively poor infrastructure of the Midlands and the North.
主干主干为 there be 句型：there is a sense；sense 后接同位语从句，从句主干：主语 the travails of commuters；谓语 have received；宾语 too much attention
结构that 引导同位语从句解释 sense 的内容。从句中 many of whom will face among the biggest rises 为非限制性定语从句，插入在主语 the travails of commuters in the South East 与谓语 have received 之间，造成主谓分隔，是理解难点。compared to those... 为过去分词短语作比较状语，those 后又接 who 引导的定语从句，指代承受中部和北部较差基础设施的通勤者。
译文同样，人们也有一种感觉：东南部通勤者的种种艰辛——他们中许多人将面临最大的涨幅——相比那些不得不忍受中部和北部相对落后基础设施的人，受到了过多的关注。
考点主谓分隔：非限制性定语从句 many of whom... 插入主语与谓语之间，阅读时须先跳过找主干 · many of whom 为"代词+of+关系代词"结构，whom 指代前面的 commuters
4It is all very well train operators trumpeting the improvements they are making to the network, but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums they are now paying to travel.
主干并列句。前一分句：It is all very well + 主语补足成分 train operators trumpeting...；后一分句：主语 passengers；谓语 should be able to expect；宾语 a basic level of service
结构It is all very well (for sb) doing sth 为固定句式，意为"某人做某事固然好（但……）"，暗含让步和不满语气，it 为形式主语，真正主语是 train operators trumpeting... 这一动名词复合结构。the improvements 后接省略关系词的定语从句 they are making to the network；后一分句中 they are now paying to travel 同样为省略 that/which 的定语从句，修饰 sums。
译文铁路运营商大肆宣扬他们正在对铁路网做出的改进，这固然不错，但乘客如今花了大价钱乘车，理应能够期待享受到基本水准的服务。
考点It is all very well... but...：高频让步句式，表"……固然好，但……"，常含讽刺意味 · 两处省略关系代词的定语从句：improvements (that) they are making 和 sums (that) they are paying
5Yes, more investment is needed, but passengers will not be willing to pay more indefinitely if they must also endure cramped, unreliable services, interrupted by regular chaos when timetables are changed, or planned maintenance is managed incompetently.
主干并列句。前一分句：主语 more investment；谓语 is needed。后一分句：主语 passengers；谓语 will not be willing to pay；宾语 more
结构but 连接两个分句构成转折。后一分句中 if 引导条件状语从句，从句主干为 they must also endure cramped, unreliable services；interrupted by regular chaos 为过去分词短语作后置定语修饰 services；chaos 后又接 when 引导的时间状语从句，从句内含 or 连接的两个并列分句 timetables are changed 和 planned maintenance is managed incompetently，均为被动语态。
译文诚然，需要更多投资，但如果乘客还得忍受拥挤、不可靠的服务——每当时刻表调整或计划性维护管理不善时，这些服务还会被反复出现的混乱所打断——他们就不会愿意无限期地多掏钱。
考点过去分词短语 interrupted by... 作后置定语，与所修饰词 services 之间被形容词隔开，需回溯寻找 · when 从句内 or 并列两个被动分句，注意第二个分句省略了 when，但逻辑上同属时间状语