1Unlike so-called basic emotions such as sadness, fear, and anger, guilt emerges a little later, in conjunction with a child’s growing grasp of social and moral norms.
主干主语：guilt；谓语：emerges；状语：a little later / in conjunction with...
结构句首Unlike引导比较状语，such as引出列举作basic emotions的同位说明。主句guilt emerges后接时间状语a little later，再接介词短语in conjunction with作伴随状语，其中a child’s growing grasp为名词短语，of social and moral norms作后置定语。整体为简单句叠加多重状语。
译文与悲伤、恐惧、愤怒等所谓基本情绪不同，内疚出现得稍晚一些，伴随着孩子对社会和道德规范的逐渐掌握。
考点Unlike引导比较状语，后接名词短语 · in conjunction with表示“与……同时/伴随”
2“There has been a kind of revival or a rethinking about what guilt is and what role guilt can serve,” says Amrisha Vaish, a psychology researcher at the University of Virginia, adding that this revival is part of a larger recognition that emotions aren’t binary – feelings that may be advantageous in one context may be harmful in another.
主干主语：Amrisha Vaish；谓语：says；宾语：引语；附加：adding that...
结构直接引语作says的宾语，引语为there be句型。says后接说话人及同位语a psychology researcher...说明身份。现在分词adding引导伴随状语，that从句作adding的宾语；其中recognition后接that同位语从句，破折号后为feelings...作emotions的补充说明，内含定语从句that may be...修饰feelings。
译文弗吉尼亚大学心理学研究者阿姆里沙·瓦伊什说：“人们对内疚是什么、能起什么作用，出现了一种复兴或重新思考。”她补充道，这种复兴属于更广泛的认识：情绪并非非黑即白——在一种情境中有利的感受，在另一种情境中可能有害。
考点adding that引导分词短语作伴随状语 · 破折号后内容对前文作解释性补充
3Some kids who are low in sympathy may make up for that shortfall by experiencing more guilt, which can rein in their nastier impulses.
主干主语：Some kids；谓语：may make up for；宾语：that shortfall
结构who are low in sympathy为定语从句修饰kids。by experiencing more guilt为方式状语。which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰前面整个“通过体验更多内疚来弥补”的情况，can rein in作从句谓语。
译文一些同情心较低的孩子，可能会通过体验更多内疚来弥补这一不足，而这种内疚能抑制他们更恶劣的冲动。
考点make up for意为“弥补” · which非限制性定语从句可指代前面整件事
4Using caregiver assessments and the children’s self-observations, she rated each child’s overall sympathy level and his or her tendency to feel negative emotions after moral transgressions.
主干主语：she；谓语：rated；宾语：each child’s overall sympathy level and his or her tendency
结构句首Using...为现在分词短语作方式状语。rated后接并列宾语：overall sympathy level和tendency。tendency后接不定式to feel...作后置定语，after moral transgressions为时间状语修饰feel。
译文她借助看护人的评估和孩子们的自我观察，给每个孩子的总体同情水平以及其在道德违规后产生负面情绪的倾向打分。
考点句首现在分词短语作方式状语 · tendency to do表示“做某事的倾向”
5For the low-sympathy kids, how much they shared appeared to turn on how inclined they were to feel guilty.
主干主语：how much they shared；谓语：appeared to turn on；宾语：how inclined they were...
结构For the low-sympathy kids为介词短语作状语，限定范围。主语为how much引导的名词性从句。appeared to turn on为复合谓语，turn on此处意为“取决于”。宾语为how inclined they were to feel guilty这一名词性从句。
译文对那些同情心低的孩子来说，他们分享多少，似乎取决于他们有多容易感到内疚。
考点turn on可表示“取决于、视……而定” · how much / how inclined引导名词性从句作主宾语