1It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals, and began to read scientific papers from beginning to end, that I realised just how bad much of the medical literature frequently was.
主干主语：I；谓语：realised；宾语：just how bad much of the medical literature frequently was
结构复杂倒装句式，主干结构为“只有在...之后...才...”的强调句型。主语部分是“after”引导的并列从句（过去完成时），状语从句中“write”和“began”并列作谓语，插入成分“just how bad much of the medical literature frequently was”作宾语。句子结构复杂，易混淆主从关系，是典型的“only after”强调句式。
译文正是在我开始撰写周刊医学期刊专栏，并从头到尾阅读科学论文之后，我才意识到医学文献的质量其实很差。
考点only after结构强调句型，考查倒装和时态衔接 · 从句并列与主句强调的相互嵌套关系
2There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.
主干主语：There；谓语：is；宾语：a great deal of this kind of nonsense；定语从句修饰nonsense
结构存在句，主干“there be”结构。主句后跟非限定性定语从句“which”修饰“nonsense”，从句中插入“when”引导的时间状语从句，修饰整个主句。结构复杂，包含修饰关系和插入成分，易误判定语从句范围。
译文医学期刊中充斥着大量这种荒谬之论，一旦被广播和大众媒体采纳，就会制造出各种健康恐慌和短暂的饮食热潮。
考点非限定性定语从句修饰先行词，考查指代关系 · when时间状语从句的插入与主句的逻辑关联
3A recent paper, titled “The Natural Selection of Bad Science”, published on the Royal Society’s open science website, attempts to answer this intriguing and important question.
主干主语：A recent paper；谓语：attempts；宾语：this intriguing and important question
结构主谓结构，主语为“A recent paper”，后接两个插入成分：过去分词短语作非限定性定语“titled...”和过去分词短语“published...”修饰主语。句中包含插入语和非限定性修饰语，结构紧凑且层次分明，易导致阅读时主语范围不清。
译文最近在皇家学会开放科学网站上发表的一篇论文，题目叫《劣质科学的选择》，试图解答这个有趣且重要的问题。
考点过去分词作非限定性定语，考查修饰成分的嵌套 · 论文标题作插入成分的典型用法
4This is the famed citation index, that is to say the number of times a paper has been quoted elsewhere in the scientific literature, the assumption being that an important paper will be cited more often than one of small account.
主干主语：This；谓语：is；表语：the famed citation index
结构系表结构，主语“This”指代前文，表语为“the famed citation index”，后接“that is to say”引导的同位语解释表语，同时插入“the assumption being...”的分词短语作同位语，进一步解释。句子包含同位语从句和插入成分，结构层层嵌套，句意晦涩难懂。
译文这就是著名的引文索引，即论文在科学文献中被引用的次数，假设重要论文会比一般论文被引用得更多。
考点同位语从句“that is to say”的用法 · 分词短语作同位语的解释功能，考查非限定性修饰
5This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications, or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favours.
主干主语：This；谓语：would be；宾语从句：that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves...
结构条件句式，主句为“would be reasonable”，条件从句为“if it were not for the fact that...”的虚拟结构，句中“that”引导同位语从句解释“the fact”。包含虚拟语气、条件从句和同位语从句，结构复杂，句式长且层次多，易混淆虚拟语气与事实的区别。
译文如果不是因为科学家很容易在未来的论文中相互引用，或者为了回报类似的帮助让同事代为引用，这本来是合理的。
考点虚拟条件从句的倒装和were的用法 · 同位语从句“the fact that...”的引导词与意义