1This aversion to arguments is common, but it depends on a mistaken view of arguments that causes profound problems for our personal and social lives – and in many ways misses the point of arguing in the first place.
主干主语：This aversion to arguments；谓语：is；表语：common；并列谓语：depends on；宾语：a mistaken view；并列谓语：misses；宾语：the point
结构but 连接两个并列分句。后一分句的主干是 it depends on...and misses...，其中 it 指代 aversion。view 后接 that 引导的定语从句 that causes profound problems...，修饰 view；破折号后的 and in many ways misses... 与 depends on 并列，共享主语 it。in the first place 为固定短语作状语，意为「从根本上、从一开始」。
译文这种对争论的厌恶十分普遍，但它基于一种对争论的错误看法，这种看法给我们的个人生活和社会生活带来了深重的问题——而且在很多方面，它从一开始就误解了争论的意义。
考点that 引导定语从句修饰 view，注意判断其不是同位语从句（that 在从句中作主语） · in the first place 意为「起初、根本」，常用于强调被忽视的本源
2Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights, which is how we often think of them.
主干主语：Carnegie；谓语：would be；表语：right；条件状语从句：if arguments were fights
结构主句使用虚拟语气 would be，if 条件句用 were，表示与事实相反的假设（争论并非打架）。which 引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面整个主句内容「争论就是打架」这一说法；从句中 how we often think of them 是表语从句，作 is 的表语。
译文如果争论就是打架——而我们往往正是这么看待争论的——那么卡耐基就是对的。
考点虚拟语气：if + 过去式，主句 would do，表示与现在事实相反 · which 引导非限制性定语从句指代整个主句，是考研高频考点
3Your prospects would be almost as dismal if arguments were even just competitions – like, say, tennis games.
主干主语：Your prospects；谓语：would be；表语：almost as dismal；条件状语从句：if arguments were even just competitions
结构本句延续上文的虚拟语气，if 从句用 were，主句用 would be。as dismal 为省略式比较结构，完整形式为 as dismal as (they would be if arguments were fights)，与上文的打架情形作比较。破折号后 like, say, tennis games 是插入性举例，say 此处为口语化插入语，意为「比如说」。
译文即使争论仅仅是竞赛——比如说网球比赛——你的前景也几乎同样惨淡。
考点as...as 比较结构的省略，需补全被省略的比较对象才能理解 · say 作插入语表示「比如说」，是口语化表达，阅读中常见
4If we readjust our view of arguments – from a verbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gain mutual respect, and understanding – then we change the very nature of what it means to "win" an argument.
主干主语：we；谓语：change；宾语：the very nature；条件状语从句：If we readjust our view of arguments
结构If 引导条件状语从句，两个破折号之间 from...to... 为插入成分，说明观点转变的起点和终点；其中 through which 引导定语从句修饰 exchange，through which 即 through the exchange，表示「通过这种理性交流」。主句中 of 后接 what 引导的宾语从句 what it means to "win" an argument，作介词 of 的宾语；very 置于名词前起强调作用，意为「正是、本身」。
译文如果我们重新调整对争论的看法——不再视其为口舌之争或网球比赛，而视其为一种理性的交流，通过这种交流我们都能获得相互的尊重与理解——那么我们就改变了「赢得」争论这一概念的本质含义。
考点介词 + which（through which）引导定语从句，介词来源于从句中的搭配 · what 引导宾语从句作介词宾语；the very + 名词 表强调
5A large part of evaluation is calling out bad arguments, but we also need to admit good arguments by opponents and to apply the same critical standards to ourselves.
主干主语：A large part of evaluation；谓语：is；表语：calling out bad arguments；并列分句主语：we；谓语：need；宾语：to admit...and to apply...
结构but 连接两个并列分句。前一分句中 calling out bad arguments 是动名词短语作表语；后一分句中 need 后接两个并列的不定式 to admit 和 to apply，apply...to... 为固定搭配，意为「把……应用于……」。by opponents 为介词短语作后置定语修饰 arguments。
译文评估的很大一部分在于指出拙劣的论证，但我们也需要承认对方提出的合理论证，并用同样的批判标准来要求自己。
考点call out 此处意为「指出、揭露（错误）」，不是「呼喊」 · apply...to oneself 表示「用……要求自己」，注意 need 后并列不定式的识别