1When younger kids learn computer science, they learn that it’s not just a confusing, endless string of letters and numbers – but a tool to build apps, or create artwork, or test hypotheses.
主干主语：they；谓语：learn；宾语：that 引导的从句（it’s not just… but a tool…）
结构When 引导时间状语从句。主句谓语 learn 后接 that 宾语从句。从句用 not just… but… 对比结构；破折号后补充说明 tool 的用途，三个不定式并列（to build / create / test）。it’s 指 computer science。
译文当更小的孩子学习计算机科学时，他们会明白：它并不只是一串令人困惑、没完没了的字母和数字，而是用来开发应用、创作艺术或检验假设的工具。
考点not just A but B 表对比递进 · 破折号后并列不定式作 tool 的后置修饰
2It’s not as hard for them to transform their thought processes as it is for older students.
主干形式主语：It；谓语：is not as hard；真正主语：to transform their thought processes；比较对象：as it is for older students
结构It is + adj. + for sb. to do 结构。not as… as… 同级比较，第二个 as 后省略 hard，用 it is 回指同一形容词，for older students 与 for them 对照。
译文对他们来说，转变思维方式并不像对年龄更大的学生那样困难。
考点not as… as… 比较结构中后半常省略形容词 · it is for sb. 与前半 for them 形成对照
3Students also benefit from learning something about coding before they get to college, where introductory computer-science classes are packed to the brim, which can drive the less-experienced or -determined students away.
主干主语：Students；谓语：benefit from；宾语：learning something about coding
结构before 引导时间状语从句。where 非限制性定语从句修饰 college。which 非限制性定语从句修饰前面整个“入门课爆满”的情况。less-experienced or -determined 为并列形容词，第二个省略 less。packed to the brim 为习语。
译文学生在上大学前学一点编程也有好处：大学里计算机入门课往往挤得满满当当，这会把经验不足或决心不够的学生挤走。
考点where / which 两个非限制性定语从句层层修饰 · less-experienced or -determined 中 less 承前省略
4The younger they learn how computers think, how to coax the machine into producing what they want – the earlier they learn that they have the power to do that – the better.
主干句式：The younger…, the earlier…, the better（比较级叠加的“越…越…”结构）
结构The + 比较级…, the + 比较级… 句型，末尾 the better 省略主谓。两个 how 从句并列作 learn 的宾语；破折号插入 the earlier they learn that… 作递进。what they want 为 producing 的宾语从句。
译文他们越早学会计算机如何思考、如何哄着机器产出自己想要的结果——越早明白自己有能力做到这一点——就越好。
考点the more…, the more… 可叠多层，末项可省略主谓 · coax sb. into doing 固定搭配