1How do archaeologists know where to find what they are looking for when there is nothing visible on the surface of the ground?
主干主语：archaeologists；谓语：know；宾语：where to find what they are looking for（疑问词+不定式作宾语）
结构主句为特殊疑问句，know 后接 "where to find..." 不定式短语作宾语；find 的宾语又是 what 引导的宾语从句 what they are looking for；句末 when 引导时间状语从句，表示"当……的时候"。三层嵌套：宾语从句套在不定式里，不定式又作 know 的宾语，是典型考点。
译文当地面上没有任何可见痕迹时，考古学家怎么知道去哪里寻找他们要找的东西呢？
考点"疑问词+不定式"结构作宾语，相当于一个名词性从句 · what 引导宾语从句时 what 在从句中充当成分（此处作 looking for 的宾语）
2Airborne technologies, such as different types of radar and photographic equipment carried by airplanes or spacecraft, allow archaeologists to learn about what lies beneath the ground without digging.
主干主语：Airborne technologies；谓语：allow；宾语：archaeologists；宾补：to learn about what lies beneath the ground
结构主干为 allow sb. to do sth. 结构。两个逗号之间的 such as... 是插入性同位语，举例说明主语，其中 carried by airplanes or spacecraft 是过去分词短语作后置定语修饰 equipment；learn about 后接 what 引导的宾语从句；without digging 为介词短语作方式状语。
译文机载技术，例如由飞机或航天器搭载的各种雷达和摄影设备，使考古学家无需挖掘就能了解地下埋藏的东西。
考点such as 插入语造成主谓分隔，阅读时先跳过找主干 · what lies beneath the ground 中 what 在从句中作主语，不可换成 that
3Carter sifted through rubble in the Valley of the Kings for seven years before he located the tomb in 1922.
主干主语：Carter；谓语：sifted through；宾语：rubble
结构主干为简单的主谓宾结构，in the Valley of the Kings 为地点状语；before 引导时间状语从句，注意 before 从句的翻译技巧——常译为"……之后才……"以符合中文表达习惯；for seven years 与 before 从句共同体现时间跨度。
译文卡特在帝王谷的碎石中翻找了七年，才在1922年找到那座陵墓。
考点before 引导时间状语从句常需译为"才/然后"，避免硬译"在……之前" · sift through 为高频短语，意为"仔细筛查、翻查"
4He was searching for tiny engraved seals attributed to the ancient Mycenaean culture that dominated Greece from the 1400s to 1200s BC.
主干主语：He；谓语：was searching for；宾语：tiny engraved seals
结构主干为过去进行时的主谓宾结构。engraved 为过去分词作前置定语修饰 seals；attributed to... 为过去分词短语作后置定语修饰 seals；that 引导定语从句修饰 culture，that 在从句中作主语不可省略。seals 后挂两层后置修饰，是典型的"名词+分词短语+定语从句"叠加结构。
译文他在寻找一些微小的雕刻印章，这些印章被认为是古迈锡尼文化的遗物，而迈锡尼文化在公元前1400年至前1200年间统治着希腊。
考点过去分词短语 attributed to 作后置定语，相当于定语从句 which were attributed to · 定语从句的先行词判断：that 从句修饰 culture 而非 seals，需靠逻辑语义判断
5Two- and three-dimensional maps are helpful tools in planning excavations, illustrating how sites look, and presenting the results of archaeological research.
主干主语：Two- and three-dimensional maps；系动词：are；表语：helpful tools
结构主干为主系表结构。in 后接三个并列的动名词短语 planning...、illustrating...、presenting...，由 and 连接，作介词宾语，说明地图在哪些方面有用；illustrating 后接 how 引导的宾语从句。注意 two- and three-dimensional 为共用词尾的复合形容词，two- 后省略了 dimensional。
译文二维和三维地图是规划发掘、展示遗址面貌以及呈现考古研究成果的得力工具。
考点介词后并列动名词结构的识别：in planning..., illustrating..., and presenting... · two- and three-dimensional 为悬挂式复合形容词，连字符不可丢，翻译时补全词义