1“The Heart of the Matter,” the just-released report by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS), deserves praise for affirming the importance of the humanities and social sciences to the prosperity and security of liberal democracy in America.
主干主语：the just-released report（同位语“The Heart of the Matter”）；谓语：deserves；宾语：praise
结构主语后紧跟同位语短语 the just-released report by the AAAS 对书名进行解释；for affirming... 为介词短语作原因状语，affirming 后接动名词宾语 the importance，再接 of 短语及 to 介词短语说明重要性所及范围。整体为简单句加较长后置修饰。
译文美国艺术与科学院刚发布的报告《问题的核心》值得称赞，因为它肯定了人文与社会科学对美国自由民主的繁荣与安全的重要性。
考点同位语对专有名词的解释作用 · for + 动名词表示原因
2In 2010, leading congressional Democrats and Republicans sent letters to the AAAS asking that it identify actions that could be taken by “federal, state and local governments, universities, foundations, educators, individual benefactors and others” to “maintain national excellence in humanities and social scientific scholarship and education.”
主干主语：leading congressional Democrats and Republicans；谓语：sent；宾语：letters
结构时间状语 In 2010 置于句首；asking that... 为现在分词短语作伴随状语，that 引导虚拟语气宾语从句（identify 前省略 should）；其中 actions 后接定语从句 that could be taken by...，by 后跟长并列名词短语；to maintain... 为目的状语。引用部分保持原文标点。
译文2010年，国会两党领袖致函美国艺术与科学院，要求其确定联邦、州、地方政府、大学、基金会、教育者、个人捐助者及其他各方可采取的行动，以“保持人文与社会科学学术和教育的国家卓越”。
考点ask that + (should) 动词原形的虚拟语气 · 分词短语作伴随状语
3To encourage innovation and competition, the report calls for increased investment in research, the crafting of coherent curricula that improve students’ ability to solve problems and communicate effectively in the 21st century, increased funding for teachers and the encouragement of scholars to bring their learning to bear on the great challenges of the day.
主干主语：the report；谓语：calls for；宾语：increased investment... and the encouragement...
结构句首不定式 To encourage... 作目的状语；calls for 后接四个并列名词短语作宾语，其中第二个含定语从句 that improve...，该从句内 ability 后接不定式 to solve... and communicate...；第四个含不定式 to bring... 作后置定语。并列结构较长，需理清层次。
译文为鼓励创新与竞争，报告呼吁增加科研投入、制定能提升学生在21世纪解决问题与有效沟通能力的连贯课程、增加教师经费，并鼓励学者将所学用于应对当今重大挑战。
考点calls for 后接多个并列名词性宾语 · 不定式作目的状语与后置定语
4Today, professors routinely treat the progressive interpretation of history and progressive public policy as the proper subject of study while portraying conservative or classical liberal ideas – such as free markets and self-reliance – as falling outside the boundaries of routine, and sometimes legitimate, intellectual investigation.
主干主语：professors；谓语：treat... as... while portraying... as...
结构主句为 treat A as B 结构；while 引导时间/对比状语从句（省略主语 professors），portraying C as D；破折号内 such as 插入举例；falling outside... 为 as 后的宾语补足语，boundaries 后 of 短语含并列形容词 routine, and sometimes legitimate。对比结构突出对立。
译文如今，教授们惯常把进步主义的历史解读与公共政策视为正当研究对象，同时把保守或古典自由主义理念——如自由市场与自立——描绘成超出常规、有时甚至超出正当知识探究范围的东西。
考点treat... as... 与 portray... as... 的平行对比 · 破折号插入举例成分