1Before it ends, it will likely change the life course and character of a generation of young adults.
主干主语：it；谓语：will likely change；宾语：the life course and character of a generation of young adults
结构这是一个复合句。主句为 'it will likely change the life course and character of a generation of young adults'，'it' 指代前文高失业时代。'Before it ends' 为时间状语从句，修饰主句谓语动词 'change'，置于句首形成强调。句子主干结构明确，包含状语从句与主句的组合，适合考察时间状语从句的位置和主谓一致关系。
译文在它结束之前，它很可能改变一代年轻人的生活轨迹和性格。
考点'Before it ends' 是时间状语从句，位于句首；'will likely change' 情态动词 'will' 与副词 'likely' 修饰动词不定式 'change'
2In The Moral Consequences of Economic Growth, the economic historian Benjamin Friedman argues that both inside and outside the U.S., lengthy periods of economic stagnation or decline have almost always left society more mean-spirited and less inclusive, and have usually stopped or reversed the advance of rights and freedoms.
主干主语：the economic historian Benjamin Friedman；谓语：argues；宾语：that both inside and outside the U.S., lengthy periods of economic stagnation or decline have almost always left society more mean-spirited and less inclusive, and have usually stopped or reversed the advance of rights and freedoms
结构这是一个复合句。句首为介词短语 'In The Moral Consequences of Economic Growth' 作地点状语，修饰动词 'argues'。主句为 'the economic historian Benjamin Friedman argues that...'，'that' 引导宾语从句。宾语从句中 'both inside and outside the U.S.' 为并列状语，'lengthy periods of economic stagnation or decline' 为主语，谓语为 'have almost always left society more mean-spirited and less inclusive'，后接并列连词 'and' 连接第二个并列谓语 'have usually stopped or reversed the advance of rights and freedoms'，体现平行结构。句中包含宾语从句、并列成分和介词短语，结构复杂。
译文在《经济增长的道德后果》一书中，经济史学家本杰明·弗里德曼指出，无论在美国境内还是境外，漫长的经济停滞或衰退期几乎总是让社会变得更狭隘、更不包容，并通常停止或逆转权利和自由的进步。
考点'both inside and outside the U.S.' 为并列状语；'and have usually stopped or reversed' 连接两个并列谓语，体现平行结构
3The research of Till Von Wachter, the economist at Columbia University, suggests that not all people graduating into a recession see their life chances dimmed: those with degrees from elite universities catch up fairly quickly to where they otherwise would have been if they had graduated in better times; it is the masses beneath them that are left behind.
主干主语：The research；谓语：suggests；宾语：that not all people graduating into a recession see their life chances dimmed
结构这是一个复合句。主句为 'The research of Till Von Wachter, the economist at Columbia University, suggests that...'，'The research of Till Von Wachter' 为主语，'the economist at Columbia University' 为同位语，'suggests' 为谓语，'that not all people graduating into a recession see their life chances dimmed' 为宾语从句。宾语从句后接冒号 ': those with degrees from elite universities catch up fairly quickly to where they otherwise would have been if they had graduated in better times' 作进一步说明，'if they had graduated in better times' 为条件从句。句末用分号 ';' 连接第二个并列分句 'it is the masses beneath them that are left behind'，'it' 为形式主语，'the masses beneath them' 为真正主语，'that are left behind' 为定语从句。整个句子包含同位语、宾语从句、条件从句、冒号说明和分号并列，结构极其复杂。
译文哥伦比亚大学的经济学家蒂尔·冯·瓦赫特的研究所表明，并非所有进入衰退期毕业的人都会看到自己的生活机会变暗：那些从精英大学毕业的人能很快赶上他们原本在更好时期毕业时应该达到的位置；他们之下的大多数人则被抛在了后面。
考点'the economist at Columbia University' 为同位语；'if they had graduated in better times' 为条件从句；冒号和分号连接并列说明
4More difficult, in the moment, is discerning precisely how these lean times are affecting society's character.
主干主语：discerning precisely how these lean times are affecting society's character；谓语：is；表语：More difficult, in the moment
结构这是一个倒装句。正常语序应为 'Discerning precisely how these lean times are affecting society's character is more difficult, in the moment'。句首的 'More difficult, in the moment' 为表语，'More difficult' 作表语形容词短语，'in the moment' 为插入语，修饰整个表语。主语 'discerning precisely how these lean times are affecting society's character' 为动名词短语作主语，'how these lean times are affecting society's character' 为宾语从句。句子通过倒装强调表语，结构复杂，适合考察倒装句的用法。
译文更难的是，在当下准确判断这些艰难时期如何影响社会的性格。
考点'More difficult, in the moment' 为表语，句子采用倒装结构；'discerning precisely how these lean times are affecting society's character' 为动名词短语作主语
5But they certainly will reshape it, and all the more so the longer they extend.
主干主语：they；谓语：will reshape；宾语：it；并列连词：and；状语：all the more so the longer they extend
结构这是一个并列复合句。主句为 'they certainly will reshape it'，'they' 指代前文 'these hard times'，'certainly' 为副词修饰谓语。并列连词 'and' 连接第二个并列分句 'all the more so the longer they extend'，'all the more so' 为固定搭配，意为'更加如此'，'the longer they extend' 为比较状语从句，修饰 'all the more so'。句子包含并列句和比较状语从句，结构清晰但含固定表达和从句，适合考察并列连词和比较状语从句。
译文但它们肯定会重塑社会，而且持续时间越长，重塑程度越深。
考点'and all the more so the longer they extend' 为并列连词连接的比较状语从句；'all the more so' 为固定搭配