1“Universal history, the history of what man has accomplished in this world, is at bottom the History of the Great Men who have worked here,” wrote the Victorian sage Thomas Carlyle.
主干主语：Universal history；谓语：is；表语：the History of the Great Men who have worked here；插入成分：wrote the Victorian sage Thomas Carlyle
结构这是一个复合引用句。主句核心为Universal history is at bottom the History of the Great Men who have worked here，插入语wrote the Victorian sage Thomas Carlyle引出整个引用。主句中the history of what man has accomplished in this world是同位语短语，进一步解释Universal history；who have worked here是定语从句修饰Great Men，限定伟人范围。整句通过破折号式同位语和定语从句层层嵌套，突出历史本质是伟人奋斗史。这样的结构在学术引述中常见，便于作者强调观点并增加权威性，避免直接陈述。
译文“通史，即人类在这世界上所取得的成就的历史，从根本上说，是伟人在此工作过的历史的历史。”写下了维多利亚时代的智者托马斯·卡莱尔的话。
考点通史定义与伟人历史观；引述句式与插入语
2“The valuable examples which they furnish of the power of self-help, of patient purpose, resolute working, and steadfast integrity, issuing in the formation of truly noble and manly character, exhibit,” wrote Smiles, “what it is in the power of each to accomplish for himself.”
主干主语：The valuable examples；谓语：exhibit；宾语：what it is in the power of each to accomplish for himself；插入成分：wrote Smiles
结构这是一个极复杂的长句。主句为The valuable examples... exhibit what it is...，其中which they furnish of the power of self-help...是定语从句修饰examples，插入了多个同位语短语of the power of self-help, of patient purpose, resolute working, and steadfast integrity，以及issuing in the formation of truly noble and manly character的现在分词短语作结果状语。整句通过多重同位语、定语从句和插入语嵌套，层层递进，展示自助精神的具体体现。这样的句式在维多利亚时期传记写作中常见，用于强调个人奋斗的典范价值。
译文“他们提供的那些关于自助、耐心、毅力和坚定正直力量的宝贵例子，以及这些力量最终形成真正高尚而有男子气概的品格，正是每个人都能为自己实现的。”萨米尔斯写道。
考点同位语与插入语的运用；现在分词短语作状语
3“The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles,” wrote Marx and Engels in The Communist Manifesto.
主干主语：The history of all hitherto existing society；谓语：is；表语：the history of class struggles；插入成分：wrote Marx and Engels in The Communist Manifesto
结构这是一个简单主句引用句。主句核心为The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles，通过插入语wrote Marx and Engels in The Communist Manifesto引出。hitherto existing society是定语从句修饰society，限定历史范围。整句通过简洁的主谓宾结构和引用，鲜明提出历史本质是阶级斗争观点。这样的句式在经典文献中常见，便于作者直接点明核心理论，避免冗长解释。
译文“迄今为止的一切社会的历史都是阶级斗争的历史。”马克思和恩格斯在《共产党宣言》中写道。
考点历史本质论；文献引用句式
4For: “Men make their own history, but they do not make it just as they please; they do not make it under circumstances chosen by themselves, but under circumstances directly found, given and transmitted from the past.”
主干插入成分：For；引用句核心：Men make their own history, but they do not make it just as they please; they do not make it under circumstances chosen by themselves, but under circumstances directly found, given and transmitted from the past
结构这是一个复合引用句。插入成分For引导下文，引用句由两个并列分句组成：Men make their own history, but they do not make it just as they please；they do not make it under circumstances chosen by themselves, but under circumstances directly found, given and transmitted from the past。but引导转折，under circumstances...是状语从句，限定历史创造的条件。整句通过分号连接两个并列分句，层层否定自由意志，强调客观环境制约。这样的句式在马克思主义理论中常见，用于精确阐述历史唯物主义观点。
译文因为：“人创造自己的历史，但他们并不是随心所欲地创造自己的历史；他们不是在自己选定的条件下创造，而是在直接遇到的、既定的和从过去继承下来的条件下创造。”
考点让步与转折状语从句；历史唯物主义核心观点