特殊结构

被动与无灵主语:谁在做这件事

进阶 · 6 个真题例句 · 更新于 2026-10-01

考研英语语法被动与无灵主语:谁在做这件事特殊结构语法长难句分析考研英语真题语法

考研学术文章极度偏爱“无灵主语+被动语态”,把动作的真正发出者藏在by后面或干脆省掉。读这类句子,如果你只顺着英文语序看,主语和动词之间逻辑是断的——事物不会自己“被替代”“被渗透”。必须养成习惯:看到被动,立刻找by;找到by,立刻把施动者提到动词前面还原主动句,句子才通。

怎么读

找回施动者,还原主动逻辑

学术文章常把“物”当主语配被动,如句1“精神被替代”和句2“作品被渗透”。精神不能自己replace,作品不能自己permeate。读时必须抓by后的施动者倒推:句1是“人文社科的运用”替代了“探究精神”;句2是“浪漫逃避主义精神”渗透了“这些作品”。把by后的名词当真正主语,逻辑瞬间通顺。

as引导的被动定语从句

句3的as was acknowledged by...是考研高频结构。as指代前半句整句(这是工业规模的窃听),被动表达“被承认”。别被as弄晕,它就是个关系代词,还原主动就是“Glenn Mulcaire acknowledged this”。同理,句3后半句the man hired by...,过去分词hired表被动,施动者是《世界新闻报》,还原即“报纸雇佣了这个人”。

定语从句中的被动与施动

句4的whose jobs were displaced by mechanized looms,主语是jobs,施动者是mechanized looms。还原主动:机械化织布机取代了工作。句5的the UK is dominated by animal husbandry,主语是英国,施动者是畜牧业。还原:畜牧业主导了英国。看到be+ed+by,立刻把by后名词提上主语位,动词变主动,这是排雷核心动作。

真题例句拆解

以下句子全部取自本站 2010-2026 年英语一、英语二真题原文,未做改写;主干摘取与翻译为本站整理。

1英语一 2014 阅读理解 A - Text 4

Sadly, the spirit of inquiry once at home on campus has been replaced by the use of the humanities and social sciences as vehicles for publicizing “progressive,” or left-liberal propaganda.

主干the spirit of inquiry has been replaced by the use of the humanities and social sciences

遗憾的是,曾经在校园里习以为常的探究精神,已经被人文和社会科学作为宣传“进步的”或左翼自由派主张的工具所取代。

看点无灵主语the spirit配被动has been replaced,施动者是by后的the use...,还原:人文社科的运用取代了探究精神。

2英语二 2014 阅读理解 B - 新题型

While it probably wasn’t apparent at the time, much of this work is permeated by a spirit of romantic escapism that the likes of Wordsworth would have readily understood.

主干much of this work is permeated by a spirit of romantic escapism

虽然这在当时可能并不明显,但这项工作中有很大一部分渗透着一种浪漫逃避主义精神,华兹华斯等人会很容易理解这种精神。

看点无灵主语much of this work配被动is permeated,施动者是a spirit...,还原:浪漫逃避主义精神渗透了这些作品。

3英语一 2015 阅读理解 A - Text 4

This is hacking on an industrial scale, as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking.

主干This is hacking, as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by the News of the World

这是工业规模的黑客行为,正如格伦·穆尔凯尔所承认的那样,此人于2001年被《世界新闻报》雇佣为电话窃听的负责人。

看点as代指前文整句,配被动was acknowledged,施动者是Glenn Mulcaire;hired by施动者是报纸,还原:报纸雇佣了此人。

4英语一 2018 阅读理解 A - Text 1

The Industrial Revolution didn’t go so well for Luddites whose jobs were displaced by mechanized looms, but it eventually raised living standards and created more jobs than it destroyed.

主干Luddites whose jobs were displaced by mechanized looms

工业革命对卢德分子来说并不顺利,他们的工作被机械化织布机所取代,但工业革命最终提高了生活水平,并创造了比它摧毁的更多的工作。

看点定从中的被动were displaced,施动者是mechanized looms,还原:机械化织布机取代了工作。

5英语二 2021 阅读理解 A - Text 2

There is a good reason why the UK is dominated by animal husbandry: most of its terrain doesn’t have the right soil or climate to grow crops on a commercial basis.

主干the UK is dominated by animal husbandry

英国被畜牧业所主导是有充分理由的:其大部分地形没有合适的土壤或气候来进行商业化的作物种植。

看点无灵主语the UK配被动is dominated,施动者是animal husbandry,还原:畜牧业主导了英国。

6英语一 2025 阅读理解 A - Text 2

Established in an old paper mill, it is powered by a nearby river and its remote heat warms the people who live in the surrounding town of Kajaani.

主干it is powered by a nearby river

它建立在一个旧造纸厂里,由附近的一条河流驱动,其余热温暖了居住在周边卡亚尼镇的人们。

看点过去分词Established表被动(省略了it is),主句it is powered by也是被动,施动者是a nearby river,还原:河流驱动了它。

常见陷阱

做题检查清单

  1. 划出be+done结构,确认是否为被动语态。
  2. 顺藤摸瓜找by,提取by后的核心名词作为真正施动者。
  3. 在脑海中重组:施动者 + 主动动词 + 原主语,检验逻辑。

继续看

配套练习

读懂句子只是第一步。到站内做整卷真题时,可以直接选中正文里的词或短语查释义与语块,做完自动判分、错题与生词自动沉淀。

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