1But all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling that benefits only the most privileged and does little to help average people.
主干主语：such policies；谓语：are；宾语：an insincere form of virtue-signaling
结构这是一个并列复合句。主句为“such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling”，后接两个并列的非限制性定语从句“that benefits only the most privileged”和“does little to help average people”分别修饰“virtue-signaling”。“all too often”作插入成分，强调频率；“that”引导的从句是动名词“virtue-signaling”的逻辑宾语，体现了“signaling”的双重含义。
译文但这些政策往往只是虚伪的“美德信号”而已，只让最有特权的人受益，对普通人几乎没有帮助。
考点“all too often”作插入成分表示频率 · 动名词“virtue-signaling”后接同位语从句
2A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad, to ensure “gender parity” on boards and commissions, provide a case in point.
主干主语：A pair of bills；谓语：provide；宾语：a case in point
结构这是一个带同位语和目的性不定式的复杂句。句首是主语“A pair of bills”，后接由“sponsored by...”引导的过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰“bills”；“to ensure...”是不定式作目的状语，修饰整个句子。句中“Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad”是“sponsored by”的逻辑宾语，构成同位语结构。
译文马萨诸塞州参议员杰森·刘易斯和众议院临时议长帕特西娅·哈达德提出的两项法案，为确保董事会和委员会实现“性别平等”提供了典型案例。
考点过去分词短语作后置定语 · 不定式作目的状语
3In signing the measure, California Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law, which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex, is probably unconstitutional.
主干主语：California Governor Jerry Brown；谓语：admitted；宾语：that the law... is probably unconstitutional
结构这是一个带时间状语从句和非限制性定语从句的主从复合句。“In signing the measure”是介词短语作时间状语，修饰谓语动词“admitted”；主句为“Jerry Brown admitted that the law... is probably unconstitutional”，其中“that”引导的是宾语从句；“which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex”是非限制性定语从句，修饰“the law”，解释法律内容。
译文在签署该法案时，加州州长杰里·布朗承认，该法律明确按性别对人进行分类，很可能违宪。
考点介词短语作时间状语 · 非限制性定语从句
4Because the California law applies to all boards, even where there is no history of prior discrimination, courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of “equal protection”.
主干原因状语：Because the California law applies to all boards, even where there is no history of prior discrimination；主语：courts；谓语：are likely to rule；宾语：that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of “equal protection”
结构这是一个复合句。句首是原因状语从句“Because the California law applies to all boards”，后接“even where there is no history of prior discrimination”作让步状语从句，强调即使在没有歧视历史的情况下；主句为“courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of “equal protection””，其中“that”引导的是宾语从句，解释法院可能采取的行动。
译文由于加州法律适用于所有董事会，即使在没有歧视历史的地方，法院也很可能裁定该法律违反了“平等保护”的宪法保障。
考点原因状语从句 + 让步状语从句 · 宾语从句作动词不定式
5Writing in The New Republic, Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to a “golden skirt” phenomenon, where the same elite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards.
主干主语：Alice Lee；谓语：notes；宾语：that increasing the number of opportunities... has led to a “golden skirt” phenomenon
结构这是一个带现在分词作状语和非限制性定语从句的主从复合句。“Writing in The New Republic”是现在分词短语作伴随状语，修饰主句；“Alice Lee notes that...”是主句，其中“that”引导的是宾语从句，包含动名词短语“increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards”作主语；“where the same elite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards”是非限制性定语从句，修饰“phenomenon”，解释“golden skirt”现象的具体表现。
译文《新共和》杂志的作者爱丽丝·李在文中指出，增加董事会成员机会而不扩大合格女性候选人池塘会导致“金裙”现象，即同一精英女性在多家董事会占据多席。
考点现在分词作伴随状语 · 非限制性定语从句