1Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long-term decisionmaking, not only by banks but by all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations.
主干主语：officials；谓语：hope for；宾语：a much larger benefit（后接同位说明）
结构Yet 表转折。hope for 后接宾语 a much larger benefit，冒号后是同位语，具体说明该 benefit 的内容。not only ... but ... 修饰 decisionmaking 的实施主体。不定式 to build ... 作目的状语，说明长期决策的意图。
译文不过，官员们还指望获得更大的好处：不仅银行、而且所有企业都能做出更长远的决策，从而为子孙后代打造更强劲的经济。
考点冒号后成分作同位语，解释 benefit · not only A but B 修饰动作发出者，而非并列谓语
2He quotes a giant of classical economics, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience as acting like “children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once” rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.
主干主语：He；谓语：quotes；宾语：a giant of classical economics（同位语 Alfred Marshall）
结构Alfred Marshall 是 a giant 的同位语。in describing ... as ... 为介词短语作伴随状语。as 后 acting like ... 是宾语补足语结构。who 引导定语从句修饰 children；rather than putting ... 与 pick ... 并列，对比两种行为。
译文他引用古典经济学巨擘阿尔弗雷德·马歇尔的话，把这种金融上的急躁比作“小孩把布丁里的梅子先挑出来马上吃掉”，而不是留到最后再吃。
考点describe A as doing 的宾补结构 · rather than 后接动名词，与前面动词形成对比
3Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firm’s efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty.
主干主语：Transient investors；谓语：can hinder；宾语：a firm’s efforts
结构who 引导非限制性定语从句，补充说明短期投资者的特征。efforts 后两个并列不定式 to invest ... or to build ... 作后置定语，说明努力的内容。can hinder 表能力/可能性。
译文那些要求公司交出高额季度利润的短期投资者，会妨碍企业投资长期研发或培养客户忠诚度。
考点非限制性定语从句插入主谓之间 · efforts to do A or to do B 不定式并列作定语
4Within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders.
主干主语：the right compensation design；谓语：can provide；宾语：incentives
结构Within companies 为地点状语。provide incentives for sb. to do 是固定结构。to think 后并列 beyond ... 与 on behalf of ... 两个介词短语，共同修饰 think 的方向与对象。
译文在公司内部，合理的薪酬设计可以激励高管超越自己在任的那段时间去思考，并为所有利益相关者着想。
考点provide incentives for sb. to do · beyond 与 on behalf of 并列修饰 think
5Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing.
主干主语：any guaranteed bonus；谓语：could be delayed；时间补足：10 years
结构Starting next year 为时间状语。被动结构 could be delayed。if 引导真实条件状语从句；under investigation for 表示“因……接受调查”。guaranteed bonus of top executives 中 of 表所属。
译文从明年起，若其银行因不当行为接受调查，高管的任何保证奖金都可能被推迟十年发放。
考点条件状语从句 if + 被动/状态结构 · be delayed + 时间段 表示推迟多久