1No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities.
主干主语:No disciplines;谓语:have seized on;宾语:professionalism
结构本句难点在于否定词置于句首造成的比较结构歧义。"No disciplines... as much... as the humanities" 是 "not as... as" 的否定前移变体,字面为「没有学科像人文学科那样热情地抓住专业化」,实际含义是「人文学科对专业化的热衷程度超过任何学科」。with as much enthusiasm as 作方式状语,修饰 seized on。
译文没有哪个学科像人文学科那样热衷于专业化。
考点否定词 + as... as 结构表示最高级含义(没有任何...像...一样) · seize on 意为「抓住、利用」,注意与 seize 区分
2However, many leading American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should possess.
主干主语:universities;谓语:want;宾语:undergraduates;宾补:to have a grounding
结构本句主干为 want sb. to do sth. 结构。that 引导定语从句修饰 ideas,而非修饰 canon。canon 此处指「经典、正典」,与 basic 搭配构成「基本思想经典」。注意区分 have a grounding in(在...方面有基础)与 have a ground in(在...有场地)的语义差异。
译文然而,许多美国顶尖大学希望本科生掌握每个受过教育的人都应具备的基本思想经典。
考点canon 熟词僻义,指「经典、准则」,非「大炮」 · that 定语从句修饰 ideas,注意与就近名词 canon 区分
3One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts education and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different schools.
主干主语:One reason;谓语:is;表语:that 从句
结构本句包含三层从句嵌套。why 引导定语从句修饰 reason;is 后 that 引导表语从句;表语从句中 that 引导同位语从句,解释 insistence 的具体内容(非定语从句,因不缺成分)。cut across 意为「超越、跨越」,taught in different schools 为过去分词作伴随状语。
译文设计和讲授此类课程之所以困难,一个原因在于它们违背了美国顶尖大学坚持将通识教育与专业教育分开、在不同学院讲授的做法。
考点insistence 后接 that 同位语从句,说明坚持的具体内容 · cut across 意为「超越、与...相抵触」,非「切断」
4Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional qualification.
主干主语:doctors and lawyers;谓语:must study;宾语:degree
结构Although 引导让步状语从句,主句为 future doctors... qualification。before embarking on... 为时间状语,embark on 意为「开始、着手」。注意 end up in 表示「最终进入(某领域)」,与 end up with(以...告终)区分。non-specialist 修饰 liberal-arts degree,指「非专业的通识学位」。
译文尽管超过半数的哈佛本科生最终进入法律、医学或商界,但未来的医生和律师在开始专业资格学习之前,必须先攻读非专业的通识教育学位。
考点embark on 意为「开始、从事」,后接名词或动名词 · end up in 表示「最终处于某状态/领域」
5So disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge, but also over the production of the producers of knowledge.
主干主语:disciplines;谓语:acquire;宾语:a monopoly
结构本句核心结构为 not just... but also... 连接的并列介词短语 over... and over...,作 monopoly 的后置定语。the producers of knowledge 为名词所有格嵌套,指「知识生产者」,即博士毕业生。句子通过重复 production 形成语义递进,强调学科对知识再生产(人才培养)的垄断。
译文因此,各学科不仅垄断了知识的生产,还垄断了知识生产者的培养。
考点not just... but also... 连接并列成分,注意前后结构对称 · the producers of knowledge 指「知识生产者」,即学术人才