1Many Americans regard the jury system as a concrete expression of crucial democratic values, including the principles that all citizens who meet minimal qualifications of age and literacy are equally competent to serve on juries; that jurors should be selected randomly from a representative cross section of the community; that no citizen should be denied the right to serve on a jury on account of race, religion, sex, or national origin; that defendants are entitled to trial by their peers; and that verdicts should represent the conscience of the community and not just the letter of the law.
主干主语：Many Americans；谓语：regard；宾语：the jury system as a concrete expression of crucial democratic values
结构这是一个复合长句，主干为“Many Americans regard the jury system as a concrete expression of crucial democratic values”。其中“including the principles”引导的同位语成分，列举了五个并列的“that”引导的宾语从句，分别解释民主价值观的具体体现。这些从句结构复杂，包含了时间、条件等修饰成分，整体体现了美国对陪审团制度的理想化描述，容易在阅读时被长句结构干扰。
译文许多美国人将陪审团制度视为关键民主价值观的具体体现，其中包括以下原则：满足年龄和识字最低资格的所有公民都同样有资格在陪审团中服务；陪审员应从社区的代表性横截面中随机挑选；任何公民都不应因种族、宗教、性别或国籍而被剥夺在陪审团中服务的权利；被告有权由其同龄人审判；以及判决应代表社区的良心，而不仅仅是法律的字面意思。
考点including 后接名词或动名词短语 · that 引导的并列宾语从句
2Although the Supreme Court of the United States had prohibited intentional racial discrimination in jury selection as early as the 1880 case of Strauder v. West Virginia, the practice of selecting so-called elite or blue-ribbon juries provided a convenient way around this and other antidiscrimination laws.
主干主语：the practice of selecting so-called elite or blue-ribbon juries；谓语：provided；宾语：a convenient way around this and other antidiscrimination laws
结构这是一个典型的复合句，由“Although”引导的让步状语从句和主句构成。从句中包含了“had prohibited...as early as...case of...”的完成时态被动结构和时间状语，修饰动词“prohibited”；主句则通过“provided a convenient way around this and other antidiscrimination laws”形成转折，暗示尽管有法律禁止，但实际操作中仍存在绕过方式。句子结构严谨，体现了法律与现实的矛盾。
译文尽管美国最高法院早在1880年斯特劳德诉西弗吉尼亚案中就禁止了陪审团选拔中的种族歧视，但挑选所谓的精英或蓝带陪审团的做法仍提供了一种便利的方式来规避这一及其他反歧视法律。
考点Although 引导的让步状语从句 · 被动语态与时间状语的结合
3Although women first served on state juries in Utah in 1898, it was not until the 1940s that a majority of states made women eligible for jury duty.
主干主语：it；谓语：was not until...that；宾语：a majority of states made women eligible for jury duty
结构这是一个强调句式复合句，Although 引导的让步状语从句与主句形成对照。从句描述了早期历史事实，主句则通过“it was not until...that...”的强调结构突出时间节点的迟到，暗示女性参审的长期缺失。句子巧妙运用强调句式，凸显了历史不公，结构上体现了让步与转折的逻辑关系。
译文尽管女性最早在1898年就曾在犹他州的陪审团中服役，但直到20世纪40年代，大多数州才让女性有资格担任陪审员。
考点Although 引导的让步状语从句 · 强调句式 it was not until...that...
4In the landmark 1975 decision Taylor v. Louisiana, the Supreme Court extended the requirement that juries be representative of all parts of the community to the state level.
主干主语：the Supreme Court；谓语：extended；宾语：the requirement that juries be representative of all parts of the community to the state level
结构这是一个复合句，介词短语“In the landmark 1975 decision Taylor v. Louisiana”作时间状语，修饰动词“extended”。主句中“that juries be representative...”是“requirement”的同位语从句，表达了陪审团代表性的具体要求。句子结构清晰，体现了最高法院判例对陪审团制度的扩展，包含了法律术语和专业词汇，阅读时需注意专业术语的准确理解。
译文在1975年具有里程碑意义的泰勒诉路易斯安那案中，最高法院将陪审团必须代表社区所有部分的这一要求扩展到了州一级。
考点介词短语作时间状语 · that 引导的同位语从句
5The Taylor decision also declared sex discrimination in jury selection to be unconstitutional and ordered states to use the same procedures for selecting male and female jurors.
主干主语：The Taylor decision；谓语：declared...and ordered；宾语：sex discrimination in jury selection to be unconstitutional；宾语：states to use the same procedures for selecting male and female jurors
结构这是一个并列复合句，句中“declared...to be...”和“ordered...”并列作并列谓语。两个并列结构分别表达了不同的法律命令，前者是“declare...to be...”的复合结构，后者是“order...to...”的结构。句子通过并列关系将两个相关命令连接，体现了最高法院判例的全面性，结构上需要注意并列成分的平衡。
译文泰勒判决还宣布陪审团选拔中的性别歧视违反宪法，并命令各州采用相同的程序来挑选男女陪审员。
考点declare...to be...结构 · 并列谓语的连接