1Those societies came out of the war with levels of enrollment that had been roughly constant at 3-5% of the relevant age groups during the decades before the war.
主干主语：Those societies；谓语：came out of；宾语：the war；伴随状语核心：with levels of enrollment
结构主句为 Those societies came out of the war；with 引出伴随状语，核心名词 levels 后接定语从句 that had been roughly constant…，说明入学率在战前几十年大致稳定。at 3-5% of the relevant age groups 作 constant 的补足成分，during the decades before the war 作时间状语修饰从句谓语。
译文这些社会走出战争时，其高等教育入学率仍大致维持在战前几十年里适龄人口的3%至5%。
考点come out of … with … 表示“带着某种状态走出某事件” · that 定语从句修饰 levels of enrollment，时态用过去完成强调战前长期状态
2And the demand that rose in those societies for entry to higher education extended to groups and social classes that had not thought of attending a university before the war.
主干主语：the demand；谓语：extended；宾语：groups and social classes
结构主语 demand 后接定语从句 that rose in those societies，再被介词短语 for entry to higher education 修饰，说明需求内容。谓语 extended to 后接宾语，宾语再带定语从句 that had not thought of attending…，用过去完成时对比战前观念。And 起衔接作用。
译文而且，这些社会中兴起的接受高等教育的需求，还扩展到了战前从未想过上大学的群体和社会阶层。
考点demand 后 that 定语从句与 for 短语叠套，勿把 for 误接到 rose 上 · extended to 后的 that 从句修饰 groups and social classes
3in many counties of Western Europe, the numbers of students in higher education doubled within five-year periods during the 1960s and doubled again in seven, eight, or 10 years by the middle of the 1970s.
主干主语：the numbers of students；谓语：doubled … and doubled again
结构地点状语 in many counties of Western Europe 前置。主语 the numbers of students in higher education 后接并列谓语 doubled … and doubled again。第一个 doubled 由 within five-year periods during the 1960s 修饰；第二个由 in seven, eight, or 10 years by the middle of the 1970s 修饰，形成“先翻一番、再翻一番”的时间对照。
译文在西欧许多国家，高等教育学生人数在20世纪60年代的五年期内翻了一番，到70年代中期又在七、八或十年内再翻一番。
考点并列谓语 doubled … and doubled again 表连续倍增 · within / in … by 分别标示两次翻番的时段
4and when the new staff predominantly young men and women fresh from postgraduate study, they largely define the norms of academic life in that faculty.
主干时间状语从句：when the new staff …；主句主语：they；谓语：define；宾语：the norms
结构and when 引导时间状语从句，与前文 When a faculty…grows 并列。从句中 the new staff 后为省略 are 的表语结构 predominantly young men and women，再被形容词短语 fresh from postgraduate study 修饰。主句 they 回指 new staff，largely define 作谓语。原文缺系动词，属真题压缩句。
译文而且当新教师主要是刚读完研究生的青年男女时，他们在很大程度上就规定了该院系的学术生活规范。
考点when 从句与前一分句并列，staff 后可视为省略 are · fresh from 作后置定语，表示“刚从……出来”
5High growth rates increased the chances for academic innovation; they also weakened the forms and processes by which teachers and students are admitted into a community of scholars during periods of stability or slow growth.
主干主语1：High growth rates；谓语1：increased；宾语1：the chances；主语2：they；谓语2：weakened；宾语2：the forms and processes
结构分号连接两个并列分句。后一分句 they 指代 high growth rates。宾语 the forms and processes 后接 by which 定语从句（介词+关系代词），修饰“接纳师生进入学者共同体的形式与程序”。during periods of stability or slow growth 作从句时间状语，与高增长形成对照。
译文高增长率增加了学术创新的机会；它们也削弱了在稳定或缓慢增长时期教师和学生被接纳进学者共同体的那些形式与程序。
考点by which 引导定语从句，which 指 forms and processes · 分号后 they also 表同一主语的另一后果