1with the Church’s teachings and ways of thinking being eclipsed by the Renaissance, the gap between the Medieval and modern periods had been bridged, leading to new and unexplored intellectual territories.
主干主语：the gap between the Medieval and modern periods；谓语：had been bridged
结构主干为被动结构 the gap had been bridged。句首 with + 名词 + being eclipsed 构成独立主格，作原因/伴随状语，说明教会思想被文艺复兴遮蔽。句末 leading to 为现在分词短语作结果状语，修饰整个主句。being eclipsed 表被动进行。
译文随着文艺复兴使教会的教义和思维方式黯然失色，中世纪与现代之间的鸿沟得以弥合，从而通向了新的、尚未探索的知识领域。
考点with + n. + being done 独立主格作状语 · 现在分词 leading to 表自然结果
2Before each of their revelations, many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking, including the geocentric view that the Earth was at the centre of our universe.
主干主语：many thinkers at the time；谓语：had sustained；宾语：more ancient ways of thinking
结构时间状语 Before each of their revelations 前置。including 引导分词短语作 ways of thinking 的后置定语；the geocentric view 后接 that 引导的同位语从句，具体解释该观点内容。had sustained 为过去完成时，强调在“发现之前”已持续的状态。
译文在他们各自的发现之前，当时许多思想家仍坚持更为古老的思维方式，包括地球位于宇宙中心的地心说。
考点including 分词短语作后置定语 · that 引导同位语从句修饰 view
3Despite attempts by the Church to suppress this new generation of logicians and rationalists, more explanations for how the universe functioned were being made at a rate that the people could no longer ignore.
主干主语：more explanations；谓语：were being made
结构Despite + 名词短语作让步状语，attempts 后接 by the Church 和不定式 to suppress 作定语。主句为被动进行时。for how the universe functioned 为介词 + 宾语从句修饰 explanations；at a rate 后 that 定语从句表程度，修饰 rate。
译文尽管教会试图压制这一代新的逻辑学家和理性主义者，但关于宇宙如何运转的更多解释仍以前所未有的速度涌现，人们再也无法忽视。
考点Despite + n. 让步状语 · that 定语从句修饰 rate 表“快到无法忽视”
4As many took on the duty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world, the Renaissance was over and it was time for a new era - the Age of Reason.
主干主语：the Renaissance；谓语：was over；并列分句：it was time for a new era
结构As 引导时间/原因状语从句，took on the duty of 后接动名词 trying to...。主句为并列结构，破折号后 the Age of Reason 作 new era 的同位语。it was time for 为固定句型。
译文随着许多人承担起将理性与科学哲学融入世界的责任，文艺复兴结束了，一个新时代——理性时代到来了。
考点As 引导状语从句兼表时间与原因 · take on the duty of doing 固定搭配
5Such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew were captured by the Latin phrase ‘sapere aude’ or ‘dare to know’, after Immanuel Kant used it in his essay An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?
主干主语：Such actions；谓语：were captured；介词短语：by the Latin phrase
结构主语 Such actions 后接两个并列不定式 to seek... and to understand 作后置定语；understand 后 what 引导宾语从句。主句被动。after 引导时间状语从句，说明该短语的出处。or ‘dare to know’ 为同位解释。
译文这种探求知识、理解已知信息的行为，被拉丁短语“sapere aude”（即“敢于求知”）所概括，康德在其论文《回答这个问题：什么是启蒙？》中使用了该短语。
考点并列不定式作后置定语 · what 引导宾语从句作 understand 的宾语