1Though not biologically related, friends are as “related” as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes.
主干主语:friends;谓语:are;表语:as “related” as fourth cousins
结构句首Though引导让步状语从句(省略they are),主句为比较结构as...as;sharing about 1% of genes为现在分词短语作伴随状语,修饰friends,说明“相关”的具体表现。引号强调related的比喻用法。
译文尽管没有血缘关系,朋友之间的“亲缘”程度却相当于第四代表亲,共享约1%的基因。
考点though引导的省略让步状语从句 · 现在分词短语作伴随状语
2That is __1__ a study, published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has __2__ .
主干主语:a study;谓语:has __2__;表语从句由That is引出
结构That is后接表语从句,从句主语a study被过去分词短语published from...Sciences后置修饰(插入成分),谓语has __2__。published短语说明研究出处,结构上造成主谓分隔,需识别真正主语。
译文这正是加州大学与耶鲁大学发表在《美国国家科学院院刊》上的一项研究所揭示的。
考点后置分词短语造成主谓分隔 · 表语从句中插入较长修饰语
3As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, “Most people do not even __7__ their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who __8__ our kin.”
主干主语:Most people;谓语:do not even __7__ ... but manage to select;宾语:the people
结构As引导方式状语从句,James Fowler后为同位语说明身份;引号内为并列结构:do not even __7__与but somehow manage to select,select后宾语the people被定语从句who __8__ our kin修饰,as friends为宾语补足语前置。
译文正如加州大学圣地亚哥分校医学遗传学教授詹姆斯·福勒所说:“大多数人甚至不认识自己的第四代表亲,却总能选到与我们亲缘相近的人做朋友。”
考点select + 宾语 + as 宾补的倒装语序 · who引导的定语从句修饰people
4There could be many mechanisms working together that __12__ us in choosing genetically similar friends __13__ “functional kinship” of being friends with __14__ !
主干主语:many mechanisms;谓语:could be(there be句型);后接定语从句
结构There be句型,working together为现在分词后置修饰mechanisms;that引导定语从句修饰mechanisms,从句谓语__12__ us,in choosing...为介词短语;__13__后接“functional kinship”作同位或结果说明,of being friends with为介词短语修饰kinship。
译文可能有多种机制共同作用,促使我们选择基因相似的朋友,从而形成与……交友的“功能亲缘”。
考点there be + 分词 + that定语从句的多层修饰 · 介词短语of being friends with作后置定语