1There is just one path for a lawyer in most American states: a four-year undergraduate degree in some unrelated subject, then a three-year law degree at one of 200 law schools authorized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam.
主干主语：There；谓语：is；表语：one path（后接介词短语 for a lawyer in most American states）
结构存在句 There is 引出主语 path，冒号后为同位语，具体说明这条路径的三个阶段，用 then 和 and 并列。at one of 200 law schools 后接过去分词短语 authorized by the American Bar Association 作后置定语修饰 law schools。整体为“存在句 + 冒号同位语列举”结构。
译文在美国大多数州，当律师只有一条路：先读四年与法律无关的本科，再在美国律师协会认可的200所法学院中读三年法学学位，还要花大价钱准备律师资格考试。
考点冒号后的成分作 path 的同位语，列举具体路径 · authorized by... 为过去分词短语作后置定语
2Sensible ideas have been around for a long time, but the state-level bodies that govern the profession have been too conservative to implement them.
主干主语：Sensible ideas / the state-level bodies；谓语：have been around / have been；表语：too conservative
结构but 连接两个并列分句。后一分句中 that govern the profession 为限制性定语从句修饰 bodies；too conservative to implement them 为 too...to... 结构，表示“太……而不能……”，them 指代前一分句的 ideas。
译文合理的改革设想早已有之，但掌管这一行业的州级机构过于保守，迟迟不肯付诸实施。
考点too...to... 表示否定结果 · that 引导的定语从句修饰 bodies
3There is pressure for change from within the profession, but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically.
主干主语：There / opponents；谓语：is / insist；宾语：that 从句
结构but 连接两个分句。后一分句谓语 insist 后接 that 宾语从句；从句主语为动名词短语 keeping outsiders out of a law firm，谓语 isolates...from...；rather than 连接 make money 与 serve clients ethically，表示“而不是”。among the regulators 作后置定语修饰 opponents。
译文行业内部已有要求变革的压力，但监管机构中的反对者坚称：不让外人入股律所，才能使律师免受赚钱压力，从而更合乎职业道德地服务客户。
考点insist that 后接宾语从句 · rather than 连接两个动词短语，表对比取舍
4In fact, allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services to customers, by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on improving firms’ efficiency.
主干主语：allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms；谓语：would reduce and improve；宾语：costs / services
结构动名词短语 allowing... 作主语；谓语为并列的 would reduce...and improve...。by encouraging... 为方式状语，encouraging 后接两个并列不定式 to use... and to employ...；第二个不定式后又接 to focus on... 作目的状语。
译文事实上，允许非律师持有律所股份，会通过促使律所采用技术和聘请职业经理人来提升效率，从而降低成本、改善对客户的服务。
考点动名词短语作主语 · by + 动名词表示方式，其后不定式表目的