1In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything – a single generative equation for all we see.
主干主语：one approach；谓语：takes ... and seeks；宾语：this impulse for unification / a theory of everything
结构主句含并列谓语takes和seeks。介词短语In physics作地点状语。破折号引出同位语，解释theory of everything。all we see为省略关系代词的定语从句，修饰all。impulse for unification中for表目的。整体体现“将统一冲动推向极致并寻求万物理论”的递进关系。
译文在物理学中，有一种方法将这种追求统一的冲动推向极致，并寻求一种万物理论——一个能生成我们所见一切的单一方程。
考点破折号后同位语解释前文抽象名词 · 省略that的定语从句all we see
2Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification, for if all humans share common origins, it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings.
主干主语：Darwinism；谓语：seems to offer；宾语：justification
结构主句后接for引导的原因状语从句。从句内含if条件状语从句，主句为it seems reasonable to suppose that...，其中it为形式主语，真正主语是不定式to suppose，that引导宾语从句。could also be traced为被动结构。整体论证“共同起源可推及文化多样性受限起源”。
译文在此，达尔文主义似乎提供了依据，因为如果全人类有共同起源，那么假设文化多样性也可追溯到更为受限的开端，便显得合理。
考点for引导原因状语从句 · it形式主语+不定式真正主语+that宾语从句
3To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.
主干主语：To filter out...（不定式短语）；谓语：might enable；宾语：us；宾补：to understand...
结构不定式短语作主语，内含两个what引导的宾语从句（filter out A from B结构）。谓语enable后接复合宾语us to understand。understand后接并列的how和what宾语从句。in ... terms作方式状语。整体表达“过滤独特性以理解文化行为起源与导向”。
译文把独有的东西从共有的东西中过滤出来，或许能让我们理解复杂文化行为是如何产生的，以及它在进化或认知层面受何引导。
考点不定式短语作主语 · 并列宾语从句how...and what...
4The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality, identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many languages, which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints.
主干主语：The second；谓语：takes；宾语：a more empirical approach
结构主语The second后插入by Joshua Greenberg作定语。现在分词identifying作伴随状语，traits后过去分词shared作后置定语。which引导非限制性定语从句修饰traits，从句内that引导定语从句修饰biases。括号为插入解释。体现“经验路径识别共性特征及其认知偏见”。
译文第二种由乔舒亚·格林伯格提出，对普遍性采取更经验的路径，识别出许多语言共有的特征（尤其是词序方面），这些特征被视为源于认知约束的偏见。
考点which非限制性定语从句+嵌套that定语从句 · 现在分词作伴随状语
5Chomsky's grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it, whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations.
主干主语：Chomsky's grammar / Greenbergian universality；谓语：should show / predicts；宾语：patterns / co-dependencies
结构whereas连接两个对比分句。前一分句中that引导定语从句修饰patterns，independent of后or连接并列宾语，tracked为过去分词作后置定语。后一分句between...作定语修饰co-dependencies。整体对比两种普遍性理论对语言变化模式的不同预测。
译文乔姆斯基的语法应呈现出独立于谱系树或其追踪路径的语言变化模式，而格林伯格式的普遍性则预测特定词序关系类型之间存在强烈共变依赖。
考点whereas表对比的并列连词 · that定语从句+过去分词后置定语